Providing easy access to healthcare provider data through publicly available APIs.
📦 Installation
You can install provider from GitHub with:
# install.packages("pak")
pak::pak("andrewallenbruce/provider")🔰 Usage
affiliations()
affiliations(npi = 1023630738,
pac = 9032521372,
facility_ccn = 370781) |>
glimpse()
beneficiaries()
beneficiaries(year = 2024,
period = "Month",
level = "County",
state = "GA",
county = "Lowndes County") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 3
#> Columns: 26
#> $ year <int> 2024, 2024, 2024
#> $ period <ord> January, February, March
#> $ level <ord> County, County, County
#> $ state <ord> GA, GA, GA
#> $ state_name <ord> Georgia, Georgia, Georgia
#> $ county <chr> "Lowndes County", "Lowndes County", "Lowndes County"
#> $ fips <chr> "13185", "13185", "13185"
#> $ bene_total <int> 20848, 20854, 20874
#> $ bene_orig <int> 10648, 10609, 10579
#> $ bene_ma_oth <int> 10200, 10245, 10295
#> $ bene_total_aged <int> 17556, 17561, 17581
#> $ bene_aged_esrd <int> 118, 114, 112
#> $ bene_aged_no_esrd <int> 17438, 17447, 17469
#> $ bene_total_dsb <int> 3292, 3293, 3293
#> $ bene_dsb_esrd <int> 144, 144, 142
#> $ bene_dsb_no_esrd <int> 3148, 3149, 3151
#> $ bene_total_ab <int> 19357, 19403, 19424
#> $ bene_ab_orig <int> 9172, 9173, 9148
#> $ bene_ab_ma_oth <int> 10185, 10230, 10276
#> $ bene_total_rx <int> 15492, 15512, 15529
#> $ bene_rx_pdp <int> 5868, 5835, 5809
#> $ bene_rx_mapd <int> 9624, 9677, 9720
#> $ bene_rx_lis_elig <int> 5669, 5675, 5678
#> $ bene_rx_lis_full <int> 600, 595, 601
#> $ bene_rx_lis_part <int> 23, 23, 22
#> $ bene_rx_lis_no <int> 9200, 9219, 9228
clinicians()
clinicians(npi = 1932365699) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 19
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ pac <chr> "0042370496"
#> $ enid <chr> "I20171107000894"
#> $ first <chr> "STEFAN"
#> $ middle <chr> "MICHAEL"
#> $ last <chr> "SMITH"
#> $ gender <fct> Male
#> $ credential <chr> "OD"
#> $ school <chr> "ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY AT CHICAGO"
#> $ grad_year <int> 2008
#> $ specialty <chr> "OPTOMETRY"
#> $ facility_name <chr> "LEE ANN HOVEN OD PC"
#> $ pac_org <chr> "5193882009"
#> $ members_org <int> 2
#> $ address_org <chr> "1165 S CAMINO DEL RIO SUITE 100"
#> $ city_org <chr> "DURANGO"
#> $ state_org <ord> CO
#> $ zip_org <chr> "81303"
#> $ phone_org <chr> "9702478762"
hospitals()
#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 22
#> $ npi_org <chr> "1720098791"
#> $ pac_org <chr> "7618950643"
#> $ enid_org <chr> "O20230310002325"
#> $ enid_state <ord> GA
#> $ facility_ccn <chr> "110779"
#> $ organization <chr> "IRWIN COUNTY HOSPITAL"
#> $ doing_business_as <chr> "PROGRESSIVE MEDICAL ENTERPRISE"
#> $ specialty_code <chr> "00-24"
#> $ specialty <chr> "PART A PROVIDER - RURAL EMERGENCY HOSPITAL (REH)"
#> $ incorp_state <ord> GA
#> $ structure <chr> "OTHER: HOSPITAL AUTHORITY"
#> $ address <chr> "710 N IRWIN AVE"
#> $ city <chr> "OCILLA"
#> $ state <ord> GA
#> $ zip <chr> "31774"
#> $ location_type <chr> "OTHER HOSPITAL PRACTICE LOCATION: REH"
#> $ registration <fct> Non-Profit
#> $ multi_npi <lgl> FALSE
#> $ reh_date <date> 2023-03-23
#> $ reh_ccns <chr> "110130"
#> $ reh_conversion <lgl> TRUE
#> $ subgroup <fct> None
laboratories()
laboratories(clia = "11D0265516") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 25
#> $ clia_number <chr> "11D0265516"
#> $ provider_name <chr> "DANIEL FELDMAN MD"
#> $ certificate <ord> Compliance
#> $ clia_medicare <chr> "00205114A3"
#> $ effective_date <date> 1996-08-29
#> $ expiration_date <date> 1998-08-04
#> $ expired <lgl> TRUE
#> $ termination_reason <ord> "Mail Returned No Forward Address Cert Ended (CL…
#> $ status <ord> In Compliance
#> $ poc_ind <lgl> TRUE
#> $ type_of_action <ord> Recertification
#> $ ownership_type <fct> Proprietary
#> $ facility_type <ord> Physician Office
#> $ director_affiliations <int> 0
#> $ address <chr> "205 WOODROW WILSON DR"
#> $ city <chr> "VALDOSTA"
#> $ state <ord> GA
#> $ zip <chr> "31602"
#> $ phone <chr> "8032619888"
#> $ orig_part_date <date> 1992-09-01
#> $ application_date <date> 1993-01-20
#> $ certification_date <date> 1996-03-21
#> $ mailed_date <date> 1996-09-25
#> $ region <fct> Atlanta
#> $ clia_class_current <fct> CLIA Lab
nppes()
#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 23
#> $ npi <chr> "1497535637"
#> $ entity_type <fct> Individual
#> $ enum_date <date> 2023-10-04
#> $ cert_date <date> 2023-10-05
#> $ last_update <date> 2023-10-05
#> $ status <fct> Active
#> $ first <chr> "CARTER"
#> $ last <chr> "ADAMS"
#> $ gender <fct> Male
#> $ credential <chr> "NP-BC"
#> $ sole_prop <lgl> FALSE
#> $ purpose <fct> Practice
#> $ address <chr> "2501 N PATTERSON ST"
#> $ city <chr> "VALDOSTA"
#> $ state <ord> GA
#> $ zip <chr> "31602"
#> $ country <chr> "US"
#> $ phone <chr> "229-433-1000"
#> $ tx_code <chr> "363L00000X"
#> $ tx_primary <lgl> TRUE
#> $ tx_desc <chr> "Nurse Practitioner"
#> $ tx_license <chr> "RN272237"
#> $ tx_state <ord> GA
open_payments()
open_payments(year = 2021,
npi = 1023630738,
na.rm = TRUE) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 46
#> $ program_year <int> 2021
#> $ npi <chr> "1023630738"
#> $ covered_recipient <fct> Non-Physician Practitioner
#> $ first <chr> "ALYSIA"
#> $ middle <chr> "MOTA"
#> $ last <chr> "SMITH"
#> $ address <chr> "610 N HOY ST"
#> $ city <chr> "BUFFALO"
#> $ state <ord> OK
#> $ zip <chr> "73834"
#> $ country <chr> "United States"
#> $ primary <chr> "Physician Assistant"
#> $ specialty <chr> "Physician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing …
#> $ license_state <ord> OK
#> $ physician_ownership <lgl> FALSE
#> $ third_party_payment <chr> "No Third Party Payment"
#> $ publish_date <date> 2024-06-28
#> $ publish_delay <lgl> FALSE
#> $ publish_dispute <lgl> FALSE
#> $ related_product <lgl> TRUE
#> $ payer_id <chr> "100000866821"
#> $ payer_sub <chr> "Organon LLC"
#> $ payer_name <chr> "Organon LLC"
#> $ payer_state <ord> NJ
#> $ payer_country <chr> "United States"
#> $ pay_form <chr> "In-kind items and services"
#> $ pay_nature <chr> "Food and Beverage"
#> $ pay_total <dbl> 17.43
#> $ pay_date <date> 2021-08-25
#> $ pay_count <int> 1
#> $ row_id <int> 1
#> $ group_id <int> 1
#> $ name <chr> "NEXPLANON"
#> $ covered <lgl> TRUE
#> $ type <chr> "Drug"
#> $ category <chr> "CONTRACEPTIVES"
#> $ ndc <chr> "78206-145-01"
#> $ ndc.rxcui <chr> "1111011"
#> $ ndc.atc <chr> "G03AC"
#> $ ndc.status <chr> "ACTIVE"
#> $ ndc.brand_name <chr> "NEXPLANON"
#> $ ndc.drug_name <chr> "etonogestrel 68 MG Drug Implant [Nexplanon]"
#> $ ndc.atc_first <chr> "genito urinary system and sex hormones"
#> $ ndc.atc_second <chr> "sex hormones and modulators of the genital system"
#> $ ndc.atc_third <chr> "hormonal contraceptives for systemic use"
#> $ ndc.atc_fourth <chr> "progestogens"
opt_out()
#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 12
#> $ npi <chr> "1043522824"
#> $ first <chr> "James"
#> $ last <chr> "Smith"
#> $ specialty <chr> "Nurse Practitioner"
#> $ order_refer <lgl> TRUE
#> $ optout_start_date <date> 2019-07-01
#> $ optout_end_date <date> 2025-07-01
#> $ last_updated <date> 2023-09-15
#> $ address <chr> "8585 E HARTFORD DR STE 111"
#> $ city <chr> "SCOTTSDALE"
#> $ state <ord> AZ
#> $ zip <chr> "85255"
order_refer()
order_refer(npi = 1043522824, tidy = FALSE) |>
glimpse()
outpatient()
outpatient(year = 2021,
state = "GA",
city = "Valdosta",
apc = "5072") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 18
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ ccn <chr> "110122"
#> $ organization <chr> "South Georgia Medical Center"
#> $ address <chr> "2501 North Patterson Street, Po Box 1727"
#> $ city <chr> "Valdosta"
#> $ state <ord> GA
#> $ fips <chr> "13"
#> $ zip <chr> "31602"
#> $ ruca <chr> "1"
#> $ apc <chr> "5072"
#> $ apc_desc <chr> "Level 2 Excision/ Biopsy/ Incision and Drainage"
#> $ tot_benes <int> 210
#> $ comp_apc_srvcs <int> 222
#> $ avg_charges <dbl> 6454.778
#> $ avg_allowed <dbl> 1233.753
#> $ avg_payment <dbl> 981.9733
#> $ tot_outlier_srvcs <int> 0
#> $ avg_outlier_payment <dbl> 0
prescribers()
prescribers(year = 2019,
type = 'Provider',
npi = 1003000126) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 27
#> $ year <int> 2019
#> $ npi <chr> "1003000126"
#> $ entity_type <fct> Individual
#> $ first <chr> "Ardalan"
#> $ last <chr> "Enkeshafi"
#> $ gender <fct> Male
#> $ credential <chr> "MD"
#> $ specialty <chr> "Internal Medicine"
#> $ source <chr> "Claim-Specialty"
#> $ address <chr> "900 Seton Dr"
#> $ city <chr> "Cumberland"
#> $ state <ord> MD
#> $ zip <chr> "21502"
#> $ fips <chr> "24"
#> $ ruca <chr> "1"
#> $ country <chr> "US"
#> $ tot_claims <int> 589
#> $ tot_fills <dbl> 681.7333
#> $ tot_cost <dbl> 28902.12
#> $ tot_supply <int> 15955
#> $ tot_benes <int> 214
#> $ rx_rate_opioid <dbl> 5.093379
#> $ bene_race_blk <int> 73
#> $ hcc_risk_avg <dbl> 2.708114
#> $ detailed <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 32]>]
#> $ demographics <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 14]>]
#> $ gte_65 <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 8]>]
prescribers(year = 2019,
npi = 1003000126,
type = 'Drug',
brand_name = 'Atorvastatin Calcium') |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 18
#> $ year <int> 2019
#> $ npi <chr> "1003000126"
#> $ last <chr> "Enkeshafi"
#> $ first <chr> "Ardalan"
#> $ city <chr> "Cumberland"
#> $ state <ord> MD
#> $ fips <chr> "24"
#> $ specialty <chr> "Internal Medicine"
#> $ source <chr> "Claim-Specialty"
#> $ brand_name <chr> "Atorvastatin Calcium"
#> $ generic_name <chr> "Atorvastatin Calcium"
#> $ tot_claims <int> 41
#> $ tot_fills <dbl> 50
#> $ tot_supply <int> 1482
#> $ tot_cost <dbl> 373.6
#> $ tot_benes <int> 22
#> $ level <ord> Provider
#> $ gte_65 <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 7]>]
prescribers(year = 2021,
type = 'Geography',
level = 'National',
brand_name = 'Clotrimazole-Betamethasone') |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 20
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ level <ord> National
#> $ state <ord> National
#> $ brand_name <chr> "Clotrimazole-Betamethasone"
#> $ generic_name <chr> "Clotrimazole/Betamethasone Dip"
#> $ tot_prescribers <int> 203283
#> $ tot_claims <int> 1611886
#> $ tot_fills <dbl> 1694182
#> $ tot_cost <dbl> 43735273
#> $ tot_benes <int> 887643
#> $ tot_claims_ge65 <int> 1363536
#> $ tot_fills_ge65 <dbl> 1435849
#> $ tot_cost_ge65 <dbl> 36509742
#> $ tot_benes_ge65 <int> 763073
#> $ tot_cost_lis <dbl> 877005.8
#> $ tot_cost_nlis <dbl> 11891222
#> $ opioid <lgl> FALSE
#> $ opioid_la <lgl> FALSE
#> $ antibiotic <lgl> FALSE
#> $ antipsychotic <lgl> FALSE
quality_payment()
quality_payment(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 47
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ npi_type <fct> Individual
#> $ first <chr> "STEFAN"
#> $ middle <chr> "MICHAEL"
#> $ last <chr> "SMITH"
#> $ state <ord> CO
#> $ first_approved_date <date> 2008-11-15
#> $ years_in_medicare <dbl> 13
#> $ participation_type <fct> Group
#> $ beneficiaries <int> 555
#> $ services <int> 1157
#> $ charges <dbl> 112449
#> $ final_score <dbl> 60
#> $ pay_adjust <dbl> 0
#> $ quality_score <dbl> 45
#> $ pi_score <dbl> 0
#> $ ia_score <dbl> 0
#> $ cost_score <dbl> 0
#> $ complex_bonus <dbl> 2.54
#> $ qi_bonus <dbl> 0
#> $ newly_enrolled <lgl> FALSE
#> $ is_maqi <lgl> FALSE
#> $ org_id <int> 1
#> $ org_size <int> 3
#> $ org_name <chr> "LEE ANN HOVEN OD PC"
#> $ org_address <chr> "ADVANCED EYE CARE 1165S CAMINO DEL RIO SUITE 100"
#> $ org_city <chr> "DURANGO"
#> $ org_state <ord> CO
#> $ org_zip <chr> "81303"
#> $ org_hosp_vbp_name <chr> NA
#> $ org_facility_based <lgl> FALSE
#> $ ind_lvt_status_code <chr> "BOTH"
#> $ ind_lvt_status_desc <chr> "Both the unique beneficiaries and Part B"
#> $ ind_hosp_vbp_score <int> 0
#> $ specialty <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ specialty_desc <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ specialty_type <chr> "Doctor of Optometry"
#> $ specialty_cat <chr> "Physicians"
#> $ ind_specialty_code <chr> "41"
#> $ ind_specialty_desc <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ ind_specialty_type <chr> "Doctor of Optometry"
#> $ ind_specialty_cat <chr> "Physicians"
#> $ qpp_status <list> [<tbl_df[9 x 1]>]
#> $ qpp_measures <list> [<tbl_df[6 x 3]>]
#> $ ind_status <list> [<tbl_df[8 x 1]>]
#> $ grp_status <list> [<tbl_df[10 x 1]>]
q <- quality_payment(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699)
q |>
select(
year,
qpp_status
) |>
unnest(qpp_status)#> # A tibble: 9 × 2
#> year qualified
#> <int> <fct>
#> 1 2021 Engaged
#> 2 2021 Small Practitioner
#> 3 2021 Rural Clinician
#> 4 2021 HPSA Clinician
#> 5 2021 Extreme Hardship
#> 6 2021 Extreme Hardship (Quality)
#> 7 2021 Extreme Hardship (PI)
#> 8 2021 Extreme Hardship (IA)
#> 9 2021 Extreme Hardship (Cost)
quality_eligibility()
quality_eligibility(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 30
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ npi_type <fct> Individual
#> $ first <chr> "STEFAN"
#> $ middle <chr> "MICHAEL"
#> $ last <chr> "SMITH"
#> $ first_approved_date <date> 2008-11-15
#> $ years_in_medicare <dbl> 13
#> $ newly_enrolled <lgl> FALSE
#> $ specialty_desc <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ specialty_type <chr> "Doctor of Optometry"
#> $ specialty_cat <chr> "Physicians"
#> $ is_maqi <lgl> FALSE
#> $ org_id <int> 1
#> $ org_name <chr> "LEE ANN HOVEN OD PC"
#> $ org_hosp_vbp_name <chr> NA
#> $ org_facility_based <lgl> FALSE
#> $ org_address <chr> "ADVANCED EYE CARE 1165S CAMINO DEL RIO SUITE 100"
#> $ org_city <chr> "DURANGO"
#> $ org_state <ord> CO
#> $ org_zip <chr> "81303"
#> $ ind_lvt_status_code <chr> "BOTH"
#> $ ind_lvt_status_desc <chr> "Both the unique beneficiaries and Part B"
#> $ ind_hosp_vbp_score <int> 0
#> $ ind_specialty_code <chr> "41"
#> $ ind_specialty_desc <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ ind_specialty_type <chr> "Doctor of Optometry"
#> $ ind_specialty_cat <chr> "Physicians"
#> $ ind_status <list> [<tbl_df[8 x 1]>]
#> $ grp_status <list> [<tbl_df[10 x 1]>]
reassignments()
reassignments(npi = 1932365699,
pac_org = 7719037548) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 12
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ pac <chr> "42370496"
#> $ enid <chr> "I20171107000894"
#> $ first <chr> "STEFAN"
#> $ last <chr> "SMITH"
#> $ associations <int> 2
#> $ organization <chr> "EYE CENTER OF THE ROCKIES PC"
#> $ pac_org <chr> "7719037548"
#> $ enid_org <chr> "O20090616000599"
#> $ state_org <ord> CO
#> $ reassignments <int> 5
#> $ entry <fct> Reassignment
utilization()
utilization(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699,
type = "Provider") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 20
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ entity_type <fct> Individual
#> $ first <chr> "Stefan"
#> $ middle <chr> "M"
#> $ last <chr> "Smith"
#> $ gender <fct> Male
#> $ credential <chr> "OD"
#> $ specialty <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ address <chr> "724 St. Louis Road"
#> $ city <chr> "Collinsville"
#> $ state <ord> IL
#> $ zip <chr> "62234"
#> $ fips <chr> "17"
#> $ ruca <chr> "1"
#> $ country <chr> "US"
#> $ par <lgl> TRUE
#> $ performance <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 11]>]
#> $ demographics <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 12]>]
#> $ conditions <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 1]>]
p <- utilization(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699,
type = "Provider")
select(p, year, performance) |>
unnest(performance) |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 12
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ tot_hcpcs <int> 19
#> $ tot_benes <int> 279
#> $ tot_srvcs <int> 475
#> $ tot_charges <dbl> 57098.8
#> $ tot_allowed <dbl> 48345.19
#> $ tot_payment <dbl> 31966.13
#> $ tot_std_pymt <dbl> 31316.51
#> $ .copay_deduct <dbl> 16379.06
#> $ .srvcs_per_bene <dbl> 1.702509
#> $ .pymt_per_bene <dbl> 114.5739
#> $ .pymt_per_srvc <dbl> 67.29712#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 13
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ bene_age_avg <int> 72
#> $ bene_age_lt65 <int> 16
#> $ bene_age_65_74 <int> 181
#> $ bene_age_75_84 <int> 63
#> $ bene_age_gt84 <int> 19
#> $ bene_gen_female <int> 157
#> $ bene_gen_male <int> 122
#> $ bene_race_wht <int> 245
#> $ bene_race_nonwht <int> 34
#> $ bene_dual <int> 40
#> $ bene_ndual <int> 239
#> $ bene_race_detailed <list> [<tbl_df[1 x 5]>]
utilization(year = 2021,
npi = 1932365699,
hcpcs = "99214",
type = "Service") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 32
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ npi <chr> "1932365699"
#> $ level <ord> Provider
#> $ first <chr> "Stefan"
#> $ middle <chr> "M"
#> $ last <chr> "Smith"
#> $ gender <fct> Male
#> $ credential <chr> "O.D."
#> $ specialty <chr> "Optometry"
#> $ address <chr> "724 St. Louis Road"
#> $ city <chr> "Collinsville"
#> $ state <ord> IL
#> $ zip <chr> "62234"
#> $ fips <chr> "17"
#> $ ruca <chr> "1"
#> $ country <chr> "US"
#> $ par <lgl> TRUE
#> $ hcpcs <chr> "99214"
#> $ hcpcs_desc <chr> "Established patient outpatient visit, total time 30-39 m…
#> $ category <chr> "E&M"
#> $ subcategory <chr> "Office/Outpatient Services"
#> $ family <chr> "Office E&M - Established"
#> $ procedure <fct> Non-procedure
#> $ drug <lgl> FALSE
#> $ pos <fct> Non-facility
#> $ tot_benes <int> 24
#> $ tot_srvcs <int> 27
#> $ tot_day <int> 27
#> $ avg_charge <dbl> 134.7407
#> $ avg_allowed <dbl> 132.7281
#> $ avg_payment <dbl> 102.7159
#> $ avg_std_pymt <dbl> 99.46074
utilization(year = 2021,
hcpcs = "99205",
level = "National",
pos = "F",
type = "Geography") |>
glimpse()#> Rows: 1
#> Columns: 19
#> $ year <int> 2021
#> $ level <ord> National
#> $ state <ord> National
#> $ hcpcs <chr> "99205"
#> $ hcpcs_desc <chr> "New patient outpatient visit, total time 60-74 minutes"
#> $ category <chr> "E&M"
#> $ subcategory <chr> "Office/Outpatient Services"
#> $ family <chr> "Office E&M - New"
#> $ procedure <fct> Non-procedure
#> $ drug <lgl> FALSE
#> $ pos <fct> Facility
#> $ tot_provs <int> 65502
#> $ tot_benes <int> 574426
#> $ tot_srvcs <int> 653339
#> $ tot_day <int> 653311
#> $ avg_charge <dbl> 493.5003
#> $ avg_allowed <dbl> 186.2096
#> $ avg_payment <dbl> 143.4408
#> $ avg_std_pymt <dbl> 139.6115⚖️ Code of Conduct
Please note that the provider project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
🏛️ Governance
This project is primarily maintained by Andrew Bruce. Other authors may occasionally assist with some of these duties.